{"id":18081,"date":"2025-05-06T17:45:15","date_gmt":"2025-05-06T17:45:15","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/mca.optimizeddevelopment.net\/derecho-laboral-en-panama\/"},"modified":"2025-07-11T18:40:05","modified_gmt":"2025-07-11T18:40:05","slug":"labor-law-in-panama","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/mca.optimizeddevelopment.net\/en\/labor-law-in-panama\/","title":{"rendered":"Labor Law in Panama"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"18081\" class=\"elementor elementor-18081 elementor-17409\" data-elementor-post-type=\"page\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-82a41cb e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"82a41cb\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-30c3936 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"30c3936\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h4 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">PRACTICE AREA<\/h4>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bb31c87 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"bb31c87\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h1 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Labor Law<\/h1>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9fa8797 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"9fa8797\" data-element_type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0d12d59 elementor-widget elementor-widget-template\" data-id=\"0d12d59\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"template.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-template\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"container\" data-elementor-id=\"18448\" class=\"elementor elementor-18448 elementor-18416\" data-elementor-post-type=\"elementor_library\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-92eaad3 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"92eaad3\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-75a1cf9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"75a1cf9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">How can we help you?<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8248208 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"8248208\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Our team is here to serve you with integrity and professionalism. Leave us a message and we will contact you as soon as possible.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8f4960b e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"8f4960b\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-234f603 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"234f603\" data-element_type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b11a494 elementor-button-align-stretch elementor-widget elementor-widget-form\" data-id=\"b11a494\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;button_width&quot;:&quot;20&quot;,&quot;step_next_label&quot;:&quot;Next&quot;,&quot;step_previous_label&quot;:&quot;Previous&quot;,&quot;step_type&quot;:&quot;number_text&quot;,&quot;step_icon_shape&quot;:&quot;circle&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"form.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<form class=\"elementor-form\" method=\"post\" name=\"Form-Practices\" aria-label=\"Form-Practices\">\n\t\t\t<input type=\"hidden\" name=\"post_id\" value=\"18448\"\/>\n\t\t\t<input type=\"hidden\" name=\"form_id\" value=\"b11a494\"\/>\n\t\t\t<input type=\"hidden\" name=\"referer_title\" value=\"Litigation in Panama | M\u00f3nica Castillo Arjona - Despacho Jur\u00eddico\" \/>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<input type=\"hidden\" name=\"queried_id\" value=\"18031\"\/>\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-form-fields-wrapper elementor-labels-\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-field-type-text elementor-field-group elementor-column elementor-field-group-name elementor-col-20\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<label for=\"form-field-name\" class=\"elementor-field-label elementor-screen-only\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tFirst and Last Name\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/label>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<input size=\"1\" type=\"text\" name=\"form_fields[name]\" id=\"form-field-name\" class=\"elementor-field elementor-size-sm  elementor-field-textual\" placeholder=\"Name\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-field-type-email elementor-field-group elementor-column elementor-field-group-email elementor-col-20 elementor-field-required\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<label for=\"form-field-email\" class=\"elementor-field-label elementor-screen-only\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tEmail\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/label>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<input size=\"1\" type=\"email\" name=\"form_fields[email]\" id=\"form-field-email\" class=\"elementor-field elementor-size-sm  elementor-field-textual\" placeholder=\"Email\" required=\"required\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-field-type-text elementor-field-group elementor-column elementor-field-group-field_8aac133 elementor-col-40\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<label for=\"form-field-field_8aac133\" class=\"elementor-field-label elementor-screen-only\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tMessage\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/label>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<input size=\"1\" type=\"text\" name=\"form_fields[field_8aac133]\" id=\"form-field-field_8aac133\" class=\"elementor-field elementor-size-sm  elementor-field-textual\" placeholder=\"Message\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-field-group elementor-column elementor-field-type-submit elementor-col-20 e-form__buttons\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<button class=\"elementor-button elementor-size-sm\" type=\"submit\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-content-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-text\">Send<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/button>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/form>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-10c1a8b e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"10c1a8b\" data-element_type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1cacdb5 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"1cacdb5\" data-element_type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ba314d2 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"ba314d2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>We are a country that attracts investments from nationals and foreigners due to its privileged geographic location in the continent, transportation, and logistics infrastructure. So, every day, new corporations are created to manage businesses within the national territory and the region. However, as companies strive for success, they must comply with all labor law regulations in Panama.<\/p>\n<p>Labor law in Panama is responsible for structuring and reviewing labor contracts and internal regulations, managing the legal relationship between employee and employer, managing relationships with the various unions in your industry, and navigating legal processes in labor matters.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-31751ae elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"31751ae\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">The power of well-structured labor contracts\n<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e9ff0bf elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e9ff0bf\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Contracts are fundamental tools for defining the relationship between employers and employees and should be well-structured. Expert labor law advice ensures that all rights and responsibilities are appropriately stipulated, protecting both parties. Avoid potential problems, as poorly drafted or incomplete contracts can lead to costly legal consequences and damage professional and employment relationships.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6e4fad8 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"6e4fad8\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d360197 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"d360197\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Services we offer<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-723d44a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"723d44a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>We encourage companies to seek our legal services to strengthen operations, optimize growth, and maintain compliance with Panama\u2019s labor laws.<\/p><ul><li>Labor consultations<\/li><li>Labor compliance audits of companies<\/li><li>Advice on the design and preparation of Labor contracts<\/li><li>Guidance in the management of labor and union relationships<\/li><li>Work permits<\/li><li>Labor negotiation and mediation<\/li><li>Preparation of a mutual agreement<\/li><li>Preparation of internal regulations<\/li><li>Representation of both the employer and the employee before the Ministry of Labor<\/li><li>Filing of lawsuits and appeals before judicial authorities<\/li><li>Labor Cassation<\/li><li>Representation in Labor Arbitration<\/li><\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-751c94b e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"751c94b\" data-element_type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f1de53b elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"f1de53b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Internal regulations for a harmonious working environment<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4445c41 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4445c41\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Internal regulations are the foundation of a harmonious and safe work environment. In Panama, these regulations are not optional. Companies with ten or more employees require internal regulations. They are reviewed and approved by the Ministry of Labor and Workforce Development.<\/p><p>They cover essential issues such as safety, working hours, vacations, and disciplinary procedures, among others. As a result, companies must consult with legal experts to develop comprehensive, legally sound, and up-to-date policies.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5bd1c7d e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"5bd1c7d\" data-element_type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6470fa9 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"6470fa9\" data-element_type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-fcdf927 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"fcdf927\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">A win-win scenario\n<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-165e8d3 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"165e8d3\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Employer-employee and business-union relations are often delicate, yet they are fundamental factors for the growth and good functioning of any business.<\/p><p>Panamanian labor law promotes the welfare of workers and good relations between companies and unions. Any deviation from this scenario should be handled by legal advisors specialized in negotiation and conflict resolution to ensure compliance with labor law and to transform potential points of disagreement into avenues of growth and understanding.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-caa25fe elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"caa25fe\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Negotiation and mediation: The path to peaceful solutions<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8c795d3 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"8c795d3\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Labor mediation is a process used to resolve disputes outside the judicial system, saving costs and time for both parties; with relevant and adequate legal advice, solutions can be achieved that satisfy all parties involved, unlike the results of litigation, where generally, one party wins and the other loses.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1c0a715 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"1c0a715\" data-element_type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c264d06 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"c264d06\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"800\" height=\"533\" src=\"https:\/\/mca.optimizeddevelopment.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/derecho_laboral.webp\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-17412\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/mca.optimizeddevelopment.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/derecho_laboral.webp 800w, https:\/\/mca.optimizeddevelopment.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/derecho_laboral-300x200.webp 300w, https:\/\/mca.optimizeddevelopment.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/derecho_laboral-768x512.webp 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7206575 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"7206575\" data-element_type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-96c5a95 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"96c5a95\" data-element_type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-47b5d39 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"47b5d39\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" width=\"800\" height=\"533\" src=\"https:\/\/mca.optimizeddevelopment.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/laboral_2.webp\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-17414\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/mca.optimizeddevelopment.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/laboral_2.webp 800w, https:\/\/mca.optimizeddevelopment.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/laboral_2-300x200.webp 300w, https:\/\/mca.optimizeddevelopment.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/laboral_2-768x512.webp 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4c65a8e e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"4c65a8e\" data-element_type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c47b5cd elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"c47b5cd\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Counseling with legal experts during labor negotiations offers immeasurable benefits. We provide an unbiased perspective, ensure fair deals, and help achieve favorable outcomes while guaranteeing the legal rights of employers and employees.<\/p><p>A team of legal advisors can help you avoid long-term problems, maintain positive union relations, and ensure legally sound internal regulations and flawless labor contracts.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-11c3e66 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"11c3e66\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Navigating the waters of litigation<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3abbf83 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"3abbf83\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>In labor law, litigation is considered the last resort to resolve any dispute. However, instances such as negotiation and mediation in some cases are not an alternative\u00a0 because they depend on the willingness of both parties to reach an agreement.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.monicacastillo.legal\/en\/contact-us\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Legal representation<\/a>, in these cases, is paramount to navigating the tangled web of legal proceedings without risking compliance issues. As legal experts, we offer proven strategies to help you smooth the way by attending to the details of employment litigation.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ab77528 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"ab77528\" data-element_type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>PRACTICE AREA Labor Law We are a country that attracts investments from nationals and foreigners due to its privileged geographic location in the continent, transportation, and logistics infrastructure. So, every day, new corporations are created to manage businesses within the national territory and the region. 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